搜狗做题网地震知识英文版,
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地震知识英文版,
What is earthquake?
Earthquakes drop pressures that cause lasting changes in the Earth's crust.
Many of the people living in Iran had experienced an earthquake. When we feel something violent or something slow like rolling motion of the earth if we are at sleep, we will wake up or if we are at home and watching television or driving in the street when an earthquake happens, we will amaze.
What is the reason for earthquake?
Why feel of earthquakes are so different from the other? What is earthquake?
Earhquakes cause dropping pressure and these are the Earth's natural means. While Earth's plates moving in the opposite direction of each other, a great amount pressure will impose to lithosphere. The lithosphere breaks when the pressure is great. For example imagine you have a pencil. If you give a force to both ends of it you would sea that pencil stoop. When you give enough force, the pencil would break in the middle part, and the force that you had imposed it would dropping. The action of the Earth's crust is exactly like this .When the plates move,they stress on each other and themselves. While this pressures and stresses is great enough, the crust would break. After the crust break, the pressure will decrease as energy t moves among the Earth's layers in form of waves, and earthquake happen.
Naturally occurring earthquakes
Most naturally occuring earthquakes are related to the tectonic nature of the Earth. Such earthquakes are called tectonic earthquakes. The Earth's lithosphere is a patch work of plates in slow but constant motion caused by the heat in the Earth's mantle and core. Plate boundaries glide past each other, creating frictional stress. When the frictional stress exceeds a critical value, called local strength, a sudden failure occurs. The boundary of tectonic plates along which failure occurs is called the fault plane. When the failure at the fault plane results in a violent displacement of the Earth's crust, the elastic strain energy is released and elastic waves are radiated, thus causing an earthquake. It is estimated that only 10 percent or less of an earthquake's total energy is ultimately radiated as seismic energy, while most of the earthquake's energy is used to power the earthquake fracture growth and is eventually converted into heat. Therefore, earthquakes lower the Earth's available potential energy and thermal energy, though these losses are negligible. To describe the physical process of occurrence of an earthquake, seismologists use the Elastic-rebound theory.
The majority of tectonic earthquakes originate at depths not exceeding a few tens of kilometers. Earthquakes occurring at boundaries of tectonic plates are called interplate earthquakes, while the less frequent events that occur in the interior of the lithospheric plates are called intraplate earthquakes.
Where the crust is thicker and colder, earthquakes occur at greater depths of hundreds of kilometers along subduction zones where plates descend into the Earth's mantle. These types of earthquakes are called deep focus earthquakes. They are possibly generated when subducted lithospheric material catastrophically undergoes a phase transition (e.g., olivine to spinel), releasing stored energy—such as elastic strain, chemical energy or gravitational energy—that cannot be supported at the pressures and temperatures present at such depths.
Earthquakes may also occur in volcanic regions and are caused by the movement of magma in volcanoes. Such quakes can be an early warning of volcanic eruptions.
A recently proposed theory suggests that some earthquakes may occur in a sort of earthquake storm, where one earthquake will trigger a series of earthquakes each triggered by the previous shifts on the fault lines, similar to aftershocks, but occurring years later, and with some of the later earthquakes as damaging as the early ones. Such a pattern was observed in the sequence of about a dozen earthquakes that struck the Anatolian Fault in Turkey in the 20th Century, the half dozen large earthquakes in New Madrid in 1811-1812, and has been inferred for older anomalous clusters of large earthquakes in the Middle East and in the Mojave Desert.
Earthquakes drop pressures that cause lasting changes in the Earth's crust.
Many of the people living in Iran had experienced an earthquake. When we feel something violent or something slow like rolling motion of the earth if we are at sleep, we will wake up or if we are at home and watching television or driving in the street when an earthquake happens, we will amaze.
What is the reason for earthquake?
Why feel of earthquakes are so different from the other? What is earthquake?
Earhquakes cause dropping pressure and these are the Earth's natural means. While Earth's plates moving in the opposite direction of each other, a great amount pressure will impose to lithosphere. The lithosphere breaks when the pressure is great. For example imagine you have a pencil. If you give a force to both ends of it you would sea that pencil stoop. When you give enough force, the pencil would break in the middle part, and the force that you had imposed it would dropping. The action of the Earth's crust is exactly like this .When the plates move,they stress on each other and themselves. While this pressures and stresses is great enough, the crust would break. After the crust break, the pressure will decrease as energy t moves among the Earth's layers in form of waves, and earthquake happen.
Naturally occurring earthquakes
Most naturally occuring earthquakes are related to the tectonic nature of the Earth. Such earthquakes are called tectonic earthquakes. The Earth's lithosphere is a patch work of plates in slow but constant motion caused by the heat in the Earth's mantle and core. Plate boundaries glide past each other, creating frictional stress. When the frictional stress exceeds a critical value, called local strength, a sudden failure occurs. The boundary of tectonic plates along which failure occurs is called the fault plane. When the failure at the fault plane results in a violent displacement of the Earth's crust, the elastic strain energy is released and elastic waves are radiated, thus causing an earthquake. It is estimated that only 10 percent or less of an earthquake's total energy is ultimately radiated as seismic energy, while most of the earthquake's energy is used to power the earthquake fracture growth and is eventually converted into heat. Therefore, earthquakes lower the Earth's available potential energy and thermal energy, though these losses are negligible. To describe the physical process of occurrence of an earthquake, seismologists use the Elastic-rebound theory.
The majority of tectonic earthquakes originate at depths not exceeding a few tens of kilometers. Earthquakes occurring at boundaries of tectonic plates are called interplate earthquakes, while the less frequent events that occur in the interior of the lithospheric plates are called intraplate earthquakes.
Where the crust is thicker and colder, earthquakes occur at greater depths of hundreds of kilometers along subduction zones where plates descend into the Earth's mantle. These types of earthquakes are called deep focus earthquakes. They are possibly generated when subducted lithospheric material catastrophically undergoes a phase transition (e.g., olivine to spinel), releasing stored energy—such as elastic strain, chemical energy or gravitational energy—that cannot be supported at the pressures and temperatures present at such depths.
Earthquakes may also occur in volcanic regions and are caused by the movement of magma in volcanoes. Such quakes can be an early warning of volcanic eruptions.
A recently proposed theory suggests that some earthquakes may occur in a sort of earthquake storm, where one earthquake will trigger a series of earthquakes each triggered by the previous shifts on the fault lines, similar to aftershocks, but occurring years later, and with some of the later earthquakes as damaging as the early ones. Such a pattern was observed in the sequence of about a dozen earthquakes that struck the Anatolian Fault in Turkey in the 20th Century, the half dozen large earthquakes in New Madrid in 1811-1812, and has been inferred for older anomalous clusters of large earthquakes in the Middle East and in the Mojave Desert.